
Figure: Beneficiation of waste oil and coal fly ash (Shabani et al., 2019).
This study illustrates the advantages of using sustainably sourced maggot oil as a feedstock for biodiesel production that does not compete for resources with food or feed production. Maggot oil and methanol were transesterified with typical potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide homogeneous biodiesel catalysts, yielding 75% and 65% biodiesel, respectively. Additionally, a heterogeneous catalyst made from coal fly ash produced biodiesel with a 41% and 60% yield, respectively. The produced biodiesel samples met worldwide biodiesel criteria and were qualitatively described (Figure 11) (Shabani, J.M., Babajide, O., Oyekola O.O and Petrik, L 2019).

Figure: Beneficiation of waste oil and coal fly ash (Shabani et al., 2019).